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Anti-L2 push could ‘break the social fabric’ of Ethereum — Sandeep Nailwal

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A portion of the Ethereum community is pressuring the Ethereum Foundation to make decisions that may “break the entire social fabric” of the smart contract network by restricting Ethereum’s layer-2 (L2) networks, Polygon co-founder Sandeep Nailwal said.

Speaking during a March 28 episode of Cointelegraph’s Chain Reaction show on X, the Polygon founder said that he has only seen this type of pressure and anti-L2 rhetoric during the current market cycle amid suppressed price action for Ether (ETH).

“Everybody understands that if Ethereum doesn’t survive, the layer-2s won’t survive,” Nailwal said, adding:

“The Ethereum community should not pressure the developers enough — I should not be able to pressure the developers enough — for price movements and all that, they may end up making a decision that completely breaks the social fabric of Ethereum.”

The Polygon co-founder praised Vitalik Buterin’s leadership and his more active role in the Ethereum Foundation, saying he has been the biggest force in keeping Ethereum’s ecosystem cohesive.

Nailwal characterized Buterin as the “DNA” of the network that has attracted many talented developers over the years who are building layers on top of the Ethereum base layer.

The total value secured across Ethereum’s scaling solutions. Source: L2Beat

Related: Getting crypto out of the ‘AOL era’ — Sandeep Nailwal

Settlement layers vs execution layers

According to Nailwal, the layer-1 vs layer-2 dichotomy is the wrong way to think about blockchain networks.

The Polygon founder defined only two settlement layers in all of crypto, Bitcoin and Ethereum, with all other crypto networks being execution layers.

In the future, almost every application will have its own blockchain to avoid paying gas fees and will post final transactions to one of these settlement layers, Nailwal said.

Ethereum’s base layer will benefit from this explosion of execution layers, accruing value from these final settlements and promoting the long-term growth of the ecosystem, which will one day be seamlessly interoperable.

Ethereum base layer fees drop following the Dencun upgrade. Source: The Tie Terminal

Critics of Ethereum’s execution layers say that the scaling networks are currently cannibalizing the base layer, which culminated in a 99% drop in Ethereum L1 revenue by September 2024.

Nailwal concluded that due to these differences between settlement and execution layers, no other crypto network is real competition for Ethereum except the Bitcoin network.

However, the only way the Bitcoin network could be a threat to Ethereum is if it adopted more advanced scripting options that give it reliable, smart contract functionality like Ethereum, Nailwal said.

Magazine: Ethereum L2s will be interoperable ‘within months’: Complete guide

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Grayscale files S-1 to list Solana ETF on NYSE

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Digital asset manager Grayscale registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to list the Grayscale Solana (SOL) Trust exchange-traded fund (ETF) on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).

The ETF will trade under the ticker symbol “GSOL” and will hold spot SOL as the underlying asset, according to the April 4 S-1 filing.

Grayscale announced plans to convert its existing Grayscale Solana Trust into an ETF in its 19b-4 application filed with the SEC in December 2024.

The filing is among several crypto ETF applications in the United States following a regulatory shift in Washington DC, and Solana is widely expected to be the next digital asset ETF approved by the SEC.

Grayscale Solana Trust ETF S-1 registration form. Source: SEC

Related: Grayscale files S-3 for Digital Large Cap ETF

Solana price slumps despite Trump’s attention

US President Donald Trump in March announced the inclusion of SOL in the country’s first crypto reserve, alongside Bitcoin (BTC), Ether (ETH), XRP (XRP), and Cardano’s native token ADA (ADA).

Digital assets held in the reserve will be acquired through asset forfeiture and may not significantly contribute to demand for SOL or price appreciation.

“A US Crypto Reserve will elevate this critical industry after years of corrupt attacks by the Biden Administration” and include “made in America” cryptocurrencies, Trump wrote in a March 2 Truth Social post.

Following the announcement, SOL’s price declined to multi-week lows and is down approximately 60% since its all-time high of $295 recorded in January 2025.

SOL’s negative price performance reflects a broader downturn in the crypto markets brought on by fears of a prolonged trade war and the Trump administration’s tariff policies.

SOL has preformed poorly amid trade war fears and a broader downturn in risk-on markets. Source: TradingView

Risk-on assets tend to suffer during trade wars as investors flee volatile asset classes for more stable alternatives such as cash and government bonds.

The approval of a Solana ETF could mitigate this price decline by giving traditional financial investors exposure to SOL and funneling capital from the stock market into the altcoin.

Fresh investment capital pouring into SOL may prop up prices during general market downturns, making the altcoin more resilient to price shocks than digital assets lacking traditional investment vehicles.

Magazine: Solana ‘will be a trillion-dollar asset’: Mert Mumtaz, X Hall of Flame

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PayPal, Venmo to roll out Solana, Chainlink transfers

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Global payments platform PayPal has expanded its cryptocurrency offerings to include Chainlink (LINK) and Solana (SOL), giving US-based users the ability to buy, sell and transfer the popular tokens. 

Support for LINK and SOL will be rolled out over the next few weeks and will also be extended to users of Venmo, a US mobile payment platform owned by PayPal, the company disclosed on April 4. 

Source: Cointelegraph

Roughly 83 million people used Venmo at least once in 2023, according to the latest available information from PayPal. 

PayPal’s global reach extends to roughly 428 million accounts as of December, the majority of which are in the United States. 

The company’s crypto services are available only to US residents. 

PayPal is expanding its crypto offerings in response to growing consumer demand, according to May Zabaneh, an executive in PayPal’s crypto and blockchain division.

“Offering more tokens on PayPal and Venmo provides users with greater flexibility, choice, and access to digital currencies,” she said.

PayPal’s US crypto offerings now include seven digital assets in total, including its payment stablecoin PayPal USD (PYUSD).

Related: Tabit offers USD insurance policies backed by Bitcoin regulatory capital

PayPal’s stablecoin push

The launch of PYUSD in 2023 solidified PayPal’s entry into the cryptocurrency market. Roughly one year after its launch, PYUSD surpassed $1 billion in total market capitalization for the first time. 

Since then, PYUSD’s circulating supply has fallen to around $760 million, according to industry data. 

PayPal’s US dollar-pegged stablecoin peaked at a market cap of more than $1 billion in August 2024. Source: DefiLlama

To demonstrate the utility of PYUSD, PayPal settled an invoice with global consulting firm Ernst & Young in October for an undisclosed amount.  

At the time, PayPal’s senior vice president of blockchain, Jose Fernandez da Ponte, said “The enterprise environment is very well-suited” for stablecoin payments.

Despite PYUSD’s modest circulating supply compared to stablecoin leaders USDt (USDT) and USDC (USDC), the company’s involvement in the sector cannot be understated, according to Polygon Labs CEO Marc Boiron.

In an interview with Cointelegraph, Boiron credited companies like PayPal and Stripe for catalyzing stablecoin adoption at a time when regulators and enterprises were still uncertain about the technology.

Magazine: Unstablecoins: Depegging, bank runs and other risks loom

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Bitcoin sentiment falls to 2023 low, but ‘risk on’ environment may emerge to spark BTC price rally

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Bitcoin (BTC) sits in one of its least bullish phases since January 2023. According to Bitcoin’s “bull score index,” investor sentiment is showing its lowest reading in two years. 

Bitcoin bull score index. Source: CryptoQuant

CryptoQuant’s “Crypto Weekly Report” newsletter explained that “bull score index” readings that sit below 40 for extended periods increase the likelihood of a bear market. The bull score remained above 40 throughout 2024, only dipping below this threshold in February 2025, as identified in the chart above. 

However, over the past 24 hours, Bitcoin price has displayed resilience when compared against the massive losses seen in the US stock market. On April 3, Bitcoin closed the day with a green candle, while the S&P 500 was down 4.5%, a historic first.

The S&P 500 and Dow Jones extended their decline on April 4, dropping 3.87% and 3.44%, respectively, while Bitcoin held steady near the breakeven point.

Related: Arthur Hayes loves tariffs as printed money pain is good for Bitcoin

Is Bitcoin near a risk-on phase?

Data from CryptoQuant indicates that Bitcoin’s Value Days Destroyed (VDD) metric currently sits around 0.72, suggesting that Bitcoin price is in a transitional phase. Since 2023, such periods have preceded either price consolidation or renewed accumulation before a bullish breakout.

Bitcoin value days destroyed. Source: CryptoQuant

The Bitcoin VDD metric tracks the movement of long-term held coins, and it has signaled a notable market trend since late 2024. The metric peaked at 2.27 on Dec. 12, signaling aggressive profit-taking and this dynamic matched the highs seen in 2021 and 2017. However, VDD dropped to 0.65 in April, reflecting a cooling-off period where profit-taking has subsided. 

This opens the possibility of a “risk-on” market for Bitcoin. In financial terms, a “risk-on” scenario occurs when investors embrace higher-risk assets like cryptocurrencies, often driven by optimism and mean reversions in trends.

Amid ongoing market uncertainty that has been fueled by the US-led trade war, Bitcoin could unexpectedly gain from these tense conditions.

Speaking on Bitcoin and the crypto market’s potential as a hedge against traditional market volatility, crypto trader Jackis said, 

“A reminder, this is not a crypto-driven drop but an overall risk-on, tariff, trade war-driven drop. While all of that is unfolding, it seems that crypto has likely undergone most of its downside already and has been lately absorbing all of the selling well.”

Similarly, the Crypto Fear & Greed Index also exhibited a “fear” category with a score of 28 on April 4. The index registered an “extreme fear” score of 25 on April 3, suggesting that the current price may present a compelling buying opportunity.

Crypto Fear & Greed Index. Source: alternative.me

Related: 10-year Treasury yield falls to 4% as DXY softens — Is it time to buy the Bitcoin price dip?

This article does not contain investment advice or recommendations. Every investment and trading move involves risk, and readers should conduct their own research when making a decision.

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